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Abrams, P., et al. (2002) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Neurourology and Urodynamics; 21: 167-178.

Appell, R., et al. (2004) Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; II, 811-854.

Barclay, L., Vega, C. (15.11.2005) Sacral Nerve Stimulation appears helpful for fecal incontinence. Medscape Medical News. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516975 (Accessed 04.12.2006) Requires (free) registration

Barroso, J.C.V. et al (2003) Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. BJU International; 93: 319-323.

Berghmans, B., et al. (2004) Adult conservative management. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; II, 855-964.

Best Treatments. Clinical Evidence for Patients from the BMJ. http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/

Blisss, D., et al. (2004) Management with continence products. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; I, 149-964.

Bourcier, A., et al.  (2004) Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; 1, 423-484.

Cheetham, M.J., et al. (2001) Topical phenylephrine increases anal canal resting pressure in patients with faecal incontinence. Gut 2001; 48: 356-359. Abstract: http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/48/3/356 (full article accessed 24.10.2006)

Coyne, K.S. et al. (2003) The impact on health-related quality of life of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence. BJU International; 92: 731-735.

Dallosso, H. (2001) Lower urinary tract symptoms: why incidence rates are vital. Nursing Times; 97: 20. http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursingtimes/pages/ lowerurinarytractsymptomswhyincidenceratesarevital (Accessed 04.12.2006) Requires registration.

Denis, L. et al. Continence promotion: prevention, education and organisation. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004; Monaco: 1, p43.

Emmanuel, A. et al. (2004) Initial assessment of incontinence. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; 1, 485-517.

Fantl, J.A., et al. (1996) Urinary incontinence in adults: acute and chronic management. Clinical Practice Guideline no. 2. March 1996. US Department of Health and Human Services: USA.

Hampel, C., et al. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on incontinence. From Thuroff, J.W. et al. Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Incontinence. In: Abrams, P. et al. Eds. (1999) Incontinence. Health Publications: Plymouth.

Haslam, H. (2005) Urinary incontinence: why women do not ask for help. Nursing Times; 101: 47. http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursingtimes/pages/ urinaryincontinencewhywomendonotaskforhelp (Accessed 04.12.2006) Requires registration.

Health Technology Literature Review. (March 2005) Sacral Nerve Stimulation for urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Medical Advisory Secretariat. Ministry of Health and Long-term Care. Ontario. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/ program/mas/tech/reviews/sum_sns_030105.html (Accessed 04.12.2006)

Hunskaar, S., Lose, et al. (2003) Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in women in four European countries, 2002. International Continence Society: UK. Link to PDF: http://www.icsoffice.org/publications/2002/pdf/257.pdf (Accessed 28.11.2006)

International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. IBS in the Real World. IBS Research Findings by IFFGD. August 2002. (Accessed 12.10.2006.)

Irwin, D., Milsom, I. et al. Impact of overactive bladder symptoms on employment, social interactions and emotional wellbeing in six European countries. British Journal of Urology International: 2005; 97, 96-100.          http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05889.x (Accessed 28.11.2005)

Jarret, M.E.D. et al. Systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation. British Journal of Surgery 2004; 91: 1559-1569. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-
bin/abstract/109630867/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. (Abstract available. Article accessed 21.12.2006)

Jonas, U. Ed. (2002) New perspectives in Sacral Nerve Stimulation. London: Martin Dunitz.

Mastrigt van, R., Griffiths, D.J. (2004) ICS standard for digital exchange of urodynamic study data. Neurourology and Urodynamics; 23: 280-281.

National Women's Health Information Center (NWHIC?USA). Interstitial Cystitis. Office on Women's Health, US Department of Health and Human Services. http://4women.gov/faq/intcyst.htm (Accessed 10.10.2006)

NHS Direct Online Health Encyclopaedia. Urinary incontinence. http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk (Accessed 12.10.2006)

NICE (November 2005) Intramural urethral bulking procedures for stress urinary incontinence in women - information for the public. NHS: London.  Ref: IPG138. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=IPG138publicinfo (Accessed 04.12.2006)

NICE. (April 2006) Stapled transanal rectal resection for obstructed defaecation syndrome?information for the public. NHS: London. Ref: IPG169. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=IPG169publicinfo (Accessed 04.12.2006)

NICE. (June 2004) NICE. (June 2004) Artificial anal sphincter implantation?information for the public. NHS: London. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=ipg066publicinfo. Ref: IPG066. (Accessed 04.12.2006)

NICE. (June 2004) Sacral nerve stimulation for urge incontinence and urgency-frequency?information for the public. NHS: London. Ref: IPG064. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=ipg064publicinfo NHS: London. (Accessed 04.12.2006)

NICE. (June 2006) Urinary incontinence: the management of urinary incontinence in women?information for the public. NHS: London. Ref: CG040. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=CG40. (Accessed 04.12.2006)

NICE. (November 2004) Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence?information for the public. NHS: London. Ref: IPG099. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=IPG099publicinfo (Accessed 04.12.2006)

Norton, C. et al. (2004) Conservative and pharmacological management of faecal incontinence in adults. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; II, 1523-1563.

Nursing Standard. (2000) Continence assessment. Quick Reference Guide 14. Nursing Standard: 14; 24. Link to PDF: http://www.nursing-standard.co.uk/archives/ns/residentpdfs/quickrefPDFfiles (Accessed 04.12.2006)

Pemberton, J.H., et al. (2004) Surgery for faecal incontinence. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; II, 1565-1588.

Perry, S. et al. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community. Gut 2002; 50: 480-484. http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/50/4/480. (Abstract available. Article accessed 17.01.2006)

Royal College of Nursing. Improving continence care for patients: the role of the nurse. Royal College of Nursing 2002. Revised 2006. Link to PDF: http://www.rcn.org.uk/publications/pdf/continence_care.pdf (Accessed 04.12.2006)

Royal College of Physicians. Inadequate and incomplete?continence care in the UK. Information for the public. Press release 23.11.2005 http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk (Accessed 10.10.2006) (http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/news.asp?PR_id=290).

Sacco, E. (2006) Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: incidence by definition, risk factors and temporal trend in a large series with a long-term follow-up. BJU International; 97, 1234-1241.

Samuelsson, E. et al. (2001) Incontinence aids in Sweden: users and costs. BJU International; 88: 893-898.

Schultheiss, D. (2004) A brief history of urinary incontinence and its treatment. Abrams, et al (eds) Third International Consultation on Incontinence, ICUD 2004: Monaco; 1, 21-34.

Signorello, L.B. (2000) Midline epistiotomy and anal incontinence: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2000; 320: 86-90.

Silveri, M. et al. (1998) Endoscopic treatment for urinary incontinence in children with a congenital neuropathic bladder. BJU International; 82: 694-697.

Spinelli, M. Ed. (2003) Sacral percutaneous implant. Italy: Tipografia Bolognino Davide & Co.

Vandoninck, V. et al. (2004) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in community-dwelling married women: a matter of definition. BJU International; 94: 1291-1295.

Warner, J. Emotional Toll From Overactive Bladder
WebMD. Survey shows less than half of patients will consider Seeing a Doctor. WebMD Medical News. January 20.01.2006. http://www.webmd.com/content/article/117/112703 (Accessed 28.11.2006)

World Health Organization. (2003) Gender, health and ageing. WHO: Geneva. Link to PDF. http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/Gender_Ageing.pdf

World Health Organization. WHO calls first international consultation on incontinence. Press Release WHO/49, 1 July 1998. http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1998/en/pr98-49.html (Accessed 12.10.2006)